I Kings 8, The Temple Dedicated

Solomon has built both an extravagant temple and an extravagant palace.

I Kings 8:1-5, Ark brought to the temple

Then King Solomon summoned into his presence at Jerusalem the elders of Israel, all the heads of the tribes and the chiefs of the Israelite families, to bring up the ark of the LORD's covenant from Zion, the City of David. 

All the men of Israel came together to King Solomon at the time of the festival in the month of Ethanim, the seventh month. When all the elders of Israel had arrived, the priests took up the ark, and they brought up the ark of the LORD and the Tent of Meeting and all the sacred furnishings in it. The priests and Levites carried them up, and King Solomon and the entire assembly of Israel that had gathered about him were before the ark, sacrificing so many sheep and cattle that they could not be recorded or counted.

In the seventh month, the ark is brought into the temple. The number of sacrificed animals is too large to count!

The temple was finished in the eighth month (1 Kings 6:38) and the ark is brought into the temple in the seventh month, so presumably eleven months was spent furnishing the temple before bringing in the ark. (It is also possible that the ark was brought in on the seventh month to coincide with the Feast of Booths.)  Patterson and Austel say that Ethanin was the name of the seventh month prior to the Babylonian captivity; after the captivity the seventh month was called Tishrei and this may be the reason it is explained as the seventh month to the reader.

I Kings 8:6-9, Into the inner sanctuary

The priests then brought the ark of the LORD's covenant to its place in the inner sanctuary of the temple, the Most Holy Place, and put it beneath the wings of the cherubim. The cherubim spread their wings over the place of the ark and overshadowed the ark and its carrying poles. These poles were so long that their ends could be seen from the Holy Place in front of the inner sanctuary, but not from outside the Holy Place; and they are still there today.

There was nothing in the ark except the two stone tablets that Moses had placed in it at Horeb, where the LORD made a covenant with the Israelites after they came out of Egypt.

The writer appears to have seen this, claiming it is still visible "today", that is, in the day of writing.  The stone tablets are those that Moses received back in Exodus 34.

I Kings 8:10-13, Cloud fills the temple

When the priests withdrew from the Holy Place, the cloud filled the temple of the LORD. And the priests could not perform their service because of the cloud, for the glory of the LORD filled his temple.

Then Solomon said, "The LORD has said that he would dwell in a dark cloud; I have indeed built a magnificent temple for you, a place for you to dwell forever."

As happened with Moses in Exodus 40:34, the presence of YHWH is now physically visible.

I Kings 8:14-21, Blessing

While the whole assembly of Israel was standing there, the king turned around and blessed them. Then he said: "Praise be to the LORD, the God of Israel, who with his own hand has fulfilled what he promised with his own mouth to my father David. For he said, `Since the day I brought my people Israel out of Egypt, I have not chosen a city in any tribe of Israel to have a temple built for my Name to be there, but I have chosen David to rule my people Israel.'

"My father David had it in his heart to build a temple for the Name of the LORD, the God of Israel. But the LORD said to my father David, `Because it was in your heart to build a temple for my Name, you did well to have this in your heart.  Nevertheless, you are not the one to build the temple, but your son, who is your own flesh and blood--he is the one who will build the temple for my Name.'

"The LORD has kept the promise he made: I have succeeded David my father and now I sit on the throne of Israel, just as the LORD promised, and I have built the temple for the Name of the LORD, the God of Israel. I have provided a place there for the ark, in which is the covenant of the LORD that he made with our fathers when he brought them out of Egypt."

Solomon "blesses" this people. (Presumably this is a statement of promises related to the covenant.) Then he praises YHWH, expressing gratitude for being on the throne and being allowed to build the temple.

I Kings 8:22-26, Praise

Then Solomon stood before the altar of the LORD in front of the whole assembly of Israel, spread out his hands toward heaven and said: "O LORD, God of Israel, there is no God like you in heaven above or on earth below--you who keep your covenant of love with your servants who continue wholeheartedly in your way. You have kept your promise to your servant David my father; with your mouth you have promised and with your hand you have fulfilled it--as it is today.

"Now LORD, God of Israel, keep for your servant David my father the promises you made to him when you said, `You shall never fail to have a man to sit before me on the throne of Israel, if only your sons are careful in all they do to walk before me as you have done.' And now, O God of Israel, let your word that you promised your servant David my father come true.

Solomon rejoices in YHWH's gifts to him and to Israel. He praises God in language that reviews the covenant and the promises to the descendants of David. 

In verse 23 Solomon describes God's "covenant of love"; the Hebrew word translated "love" by the NIV is hesed.  That word is a subject of a Sunday essay, here.

Solomon's stance in prayer is to stand, with hands spread out, uplifted. This was a common Old Testament way to pray, far different from our culture's common "head bowed, eyes closed" stance in prayer. A parallel passage, 2 Chronicles 6:13, has Solomon standing first, then kneeling before the people, with hands outstretched.

I Kings 8:27-30, "Then hear from heaven"

"But will God really dwell on earth? The heavens, even the highest heaven, cannot contain you. How much less this temple I have built! Yet give attention to your servant's prayer and his plea for mercy, O LORD my God. Hear the cry and the prayer that your servant is praying in your presence this day. May your eyes be open toward this temple night and day, this place of which you said, `My Name shall be there,' so that you will hear the prayer your servant prays toward this place. Hear the supplication of your servant and of your people Israel when they pray toward this place. Hear from heaven, your dwelling place, and when you hear, forgive.

In his praise, Solomon asks a rhetorical question, "Will God really dwell (physically) on earth?"  The temple is to give YHWH a place to physically appear before His people but Solomon recognizes that YHWH is much greater than anything a temple can contain, indeed, admits Solomon, YHWH cannot be contained by all the heavens. The temple then is a structure to aid the people of Israel in approaching YHWH.

I Kings 8:31-40, "Then hear from heaven"

"When a man wrongs his neighbor and is required to take an oath and he comes and swears the oath before your altar in this temple, then hear from heaven and act. Judge between your servants, condemning the guilty and bringing down on his own head what he has done. Declare the innocent not guilty, and so establish his innocence.

"When your people Israel have been defeated by an enemy because they have sinned against you, and when they turn back to you and confess your name, praying and making supplication to you in this temple, then hear from heaven and forgive the sin of your people Israel and bring them back to the land you gave to their fathers.

"When the heavens are shut up and there is no rain because your people have sinned against you, and when they pray toward this place and confess your name and turn from their sin because you have afflicted them, then hear from heaven and forgive the sin of your servants, your people Israel. Teach them the right way to live, and send rain on the land you gave your people for an inheritance.

"When famine or plague comes to the land, or blight or mildew, locusts or grasshoppers, or when an enemy besieges them in any of their cities, whatever disaster or disease may come, and when a prayer or plea is made by any of your people Israel--each one aware of the afflictions of his own heart, and spreading out his hands toward this temple-- then hear from heaven, your dwelling place. Forgive and act; deal with each man according to all he does, since you know his heart (for you alone know the hearts of all men), so that they will fear you all the time they live in the land you gave our fathers.

Solomon's prayer includes seven requests (four in these verses.) In the first request, Solomon asks that God condemn the guilty who makes a false statement in a claim brought before God. This presumably reflects the situation in which there is a dispute between two parties but there are no witnesses to the critical event.

In the second request, Solomon asks for forgiveness when the people sin and then are defeated by an enemy. The third request is similar; here the people sin and a drought comes as punishment. In the fourth request, Solomon asks for forgiveness for the people during times of famine. 

I Kings 8:41-44, The view from the foreigner

"As for the foreigner who does not belong to your people Israel but has come from a distant land because of your name-- for men will hear of your great name and your mighty hand and your outstretched arm--when he comes and prays toward this temple, then hear from heaven, your dwelling place, and do whatever the foreigner asks of you, so that all the peoples of the earth may know your name and fear you, as do your own people Israel, and may know that this house I have built bears your Name.

In his fifth request, Solomon asks for God to hear the prayers of the foreigners, the Gentiles, who approach His temple. This paragraph gives an explicit reason for the covenant, the covenant law, and the temple -- so that other nations will be attracted to Israel, so that they will want to come to the temple and make their requests of YHWH!

I Kings 8:45-51, Expectations

"When your people go to war against their enemies, wherever you send them, and when they pray to the LORD toward the city you have chosen and the temple I have built for your Name, then hear from heaven their prayer and their plea, and uphold their cause.

"When they sin against you--for there is no one who does not sin--and you become angry with them and give them over to the enemy, who takes them captive to his own land, far away or near; and if they have a change of heart in the land where they are held captive, and repent and plead with you in the land of their conquerors and say, `We have sinned, we have done wrong, we have acted wickedly'; and if they turn back to you with all their heart and soul in the land of their enemies who took them captive, and pray to you toward the land you gave their fathers, toward the city you have chosen and the temple I have built for your Name; then from heaven, your dwelling place, hear their prayer and their plea, and uphold their cause.

"And forgive your people, who have sinned against you; forgive all the offenses they have committed against you, and cause their conquerors to show them mercy; for they are your people and your inheritance, whom you brought out of Egypt, out of that iron-smelting furnace.

Solomon's sixth request asks that YHWH hear the people even when they are distant and not near Jerusalem. The seventh request extends that situation to those taken captive and deported to a distant land (such as, much later, the land of Babylon.)

Verse 46 is clear: "For there is no one who does not sin".  Thus everyone needs to turn to YHWH for forgiveness.

Patterson and Austel, in their commentary on 1 & 2 Kings see Solomon's requests as echoes of the blessings and curses of Deuteronomy 28-30.

I Kings 8:52-53, Eyes open

"May your eyes be open to your servant's plea and to the plea of your people Israel, and may you listen to them whenever they cry out to you. For you singled them out from all the nations of the world to be your own inheritance, just as you declared through your servant Moses when you, O Sovereign LORD, brought our fathers out of Egypt."

Solomon repeats Israel's special place in the kingdoms of the world and reminds YHWH that He has said He will be open to their pleas.

I Kings 8:54-61, Benediction

When Solomon had finished all these prayers and supplications to the LORD, he rose from before the altar of the LORD, where he had been kneeling with his hands spread out toward heaven. He stood and blessed the whole assembly of Israel in a loud voice, saying: "Praise be to the LORD, who has given rest to his people Israel just as he promised. Not one word has failed of all the good promises he gave through his servant Moses. 

"May the LORD our God be with us as he was with our fathers; may he never leave us nor forsake us.

"May he turn our hearts to him, to walk in all his ways and to keep the commands, decrees and regulations he gave our fathers. And may these words of mine, which I have prayed before the LORD, be near to the LORD our God day and night, that he may uphold the cause of his servant and the cause of his people Israel according to each day's need, so that all the peoples of the earth may know that the LORD is God and that there is no other. But your hearts must be fully committed to the LORD our God, to live by his decrees and obey his commands, as at this time."

Solomon finishes his prayer by telling the people that YHWH will continue to care for them and reward them. Solomon intends to be fully committed to YHWH and urges the people to also be fully committed. In this way, the nation will continue to receive "rest" in their land. (Like Saul and David before him, Solomon will eventually reach a position of power and pride ... and then downfall.)

1 Chronicles 7:1-3 adds that after Solomon's prayer, before the upcoming sacrifices, fire came down from heaven and God's glory filled the temple.

I Kings 8:62-64, Sacrifices

Then the king and all Israel with him offered sacrifices before the LORD.

Solomon offered a sacrifice of fellowship offerings to the LORD: twenty-two thousand cattle and a hundred and twenty thousand sheep and goats. So the king and all the Israelites dedicated the temple of the LORD.  On that same day the king consecrated the middle part of the courtyard in front of the temple of the LORD, and there he offered burnt offerings, grain offerings and the fat of the fellowship offerings, because the bronze altar before the LORD was too small to hold the burnt offerings, the grain offerings and the fat of the fellowship offerings.

Solomon ends his prayer with a massive sacrifice of animals in the temple. It is for these sacrifices that the temple courts were built.

I Kings 8:65-66, Festival

So Solomon observed the festival at that time, and all Israel with him--a vast assembly, people from Lebo Hamath to the Wadi of Egypt. They celebrated it before the LORD our God for seven days and seven days more, fourteen days in all.

On the following day he sent the people away. They blessed the king and then went home, joyful and glad in heart for all the good things the LORD had done for his servant David and his people Israel.

The festival, the Feast of Booths (Sukkot) ends with joy. God is good and life is good.

(NIV footnotes: in verse 65, "Lebo Hamath" is unclear; it could be "from the entrance to Hamath".)

First published November 25, 2023, updated October 2, 2026

I Kings 7, Solomon's Palace

Solomon has completed the temple. That took seven years. Now he works on his palace.

I Kings 7:1-7, Thirteen years

It took Solomon thirteen years, however, to complete the construction of his palace. He built the Palace of the Forest of Lebanon a hundred cubits long, fifty wide and thirty high, with four rows of cedar columns supporting trimmed cedar beams. It was roofed with cedar above the beams that rested on the columns--forty-five beams, fifteen to a row. Its windows were placed high in sets of three, facing each other. All the doorways had rectangular frames; they were in the front part in sets of three, facing each other.

He made a colonnade fifty cubits long and thirty wide. In front of it was a portico, and in front of that were pillars and an overhanging roof. He built the throne hall, the Hall of Justice, where he was to judge, and he covered it with cedar from floor to ceiling.

The Palace of the Forest of Lebanon is massive, 50 yards long, 25 yards wide and 15 yards (45 feet) high. This is apparently where Solomon receives and judges the people. It is not his residence. In 1 Kings 10:17 three hundred gold shields are stored there; in Isaiah 22:8 it is a place where weapons are stored.

I Kings 7:8-12, Residence

And the palace in which he was to live, set farther back, was similar in design. Solomon also made a palace like this hall for Pharaoh's daughter, whom he had married.

All these structures, from the outside to the great courtyard and from foundation to eaves, were made of blocks of high-grade stone cut to size and trimmed with a saw on their inner and outer faces. The foundations were laid with large stones of good quality, some measuring ten cubits and some eight. Above were high-grade stones, cut to size, and cedar beams. The great courtyard was surrounded by a wall of three courses of dressed stone and one course of trimmed cedar beams, as was the inner courtyard of the temple of the LORD with its portico.

The palace where Solomon resides is different from the Hall of Justice, from where he rules. Patterson and Austel suggest it was part of a temple complex, so that the temple and palace were closely associated with each other.

 

The building of his residence involves high quality stone and cedar beams. It would have been elegant.

I Kings 7:13-22, A master craftsman

King Solomon sent to Tyre and brought Huram, whose mother was a widow from the tribe of Naphtali and whose father was a man of Tyre and a craftsman in bronze. Huram was highly skilled and experienced in all kinds of bronze work. He came to King Solomon and did all the work assigned to him. He cast two bronze pillars, each eighteen cubits high and twelve cubits around, by line.  He also made two capitals of cast bronze to set on the tops of the pillars; each capital was five cubits high. A network of interwoven chains festooned the capitals on top of the pillars, seven for each capital.

He made pomegranates in two rows encircling each network to decorate the capitals on top of the pillars. He did the same for each capital.  The capitals on top of the pillars in the portico were in the shape of lilies, four cubits high. On the capitals of both pillars, above the bowl-shaped part next to the network, were the two hundred pomegranates in rows all around.

He erected the pillars at the portico of the temple. The pillar to the south he named Jakin and the one to the north Boaz. The capitals on top were in the shape of lilies. And so the work on the pillars was completed.

Huram, whose mother was a Jewess, is brought from Tyre to prepare elegant pillars. These pillars are nine yards high and six yards around, wit large adornments ("capitals") on top. There is a lot of elegance and dramatic artistry in the construction of the temple.

The Hebrew word translated "capital" is kothereth (כֹתֶרֶת) which could also be translated "crown." It is a bronze decorative object ("in the shape of lilies") intended to cap the massive pillars.

There is speculation on the naming of the pillars. Jakin probably means "he establishes"; Boaz probably means "in him is strength." It is likely that these are intended as statements about YHWH, who may be physically approached via the temple. (As it happens, Boaz was also the name of Solomon's great-great-grandfather.)

I Kings 7:23-26, Solomon's sea

He made the Sea of cast metal, circular in shape, measuring ten cubits from rim to rim and five cubits high. It took a line of thirty cubits to measure around it.

Below the rim, gourds encircled it--ten to a cubit. The gourds were cast in two rows in one piece with the Sea. The Sea stood on twelve bulls, three facing north, three facing west, three facing south and three facing east. The Sea rested on top of them, and their hindquarters were toward the center. It was a handbreadth in thickness, and its rim was like the rim of a cup, like a lily blossom. It held two thousand baths.

The Sea of Solomon is a large washbasin which served for ceremonial cleansing. (Its purpose is clarified in 2 Chronicles 4:6.) It is placed on the southeast side of the temple (see verse 39, below.)

This large bath is roughly circular, possibly a hemisphere, with a diameter of ten cubits and a circumference of 30 cubits.  The rim of the washbasin is a handbreath in thickness, that is, about three to four inches thick. Ignoring the context of this passage, lots of people have made bizarre claims about this description of the washbasin. Some claim "The Bible teaches that pi is equal to 3" since the bath is ten cubits across and 30 cubits around. Others, using extremely creative claims for the value of a handbreath, along with assigning the ten cubits as the outer diameter of the basin while claiming that the circumference measurement is the inner portion of a circle, have managed to claim this passage gives pi to four decimal places. All of these fanciful claims merely demonstrate the ability of people to ignore the context of Scripture in a search of something that supports their biases. If you are extremely nerdy and especially like math -- OK, yes, that probably limits the audience to just me?! -- you might look at this math article by Andrew Simoson.

A bath is probably about six gallons. See this webpage on weights and measures of the Old Testament.

I Kings 7:27-31, Stands of bronze

He also made ten movable stands of bronze; each was four cubits long, four wide and three high. 

This is how the stands were made: They had side panels attached to uprights. On the panels between the uprights were lions, bulls and cherubim--and on the uprights as well. Above and below the lions and bulls were wreaths of hammered work. 

Each stand had four bronze wheels with bronze axles, and each had a basin resting on four supports, cast with wreaths on each side. On the inside of the stand there was an opening that had a circular frame one cubit deep. This opening was round, and with its basework it measured a cubit and a half. Around its opening there was engraving. The panels of the stands were square, not round.

I'm not sure what the stands are... they seem to be intended to hold wash basins.

I Kings 7:32-36, Wheeled stands

The four wheels were under the panels, and the axles of the wheels were attached to the stand. The diameter of each wheel was a cubit and a half. The wheels were made like chariot wheels; the axles, rims, spokes and hubs were all of cast metal. Each stand had four handles, one on each corner, projecting from the stand. At the top of the stand there was a circular band half a cubit deep. The supports and panels were attached to the top of the stand.

He engraved cherubim, lions and palm trees on the surfaces of the supports and on the panels, in every available space, with wreaths all around.

 

The stands have wheels and elegant engravings of powerful animals (lions and bulls), of supernatural cherubim, and of palm trees.

I Kings 7:37-45, Stands and Sea

This is the way he made the ten stands. They were all cast in the same molds and were identical in size and shape. He then made ten bronze basins, each holding forty baths and measuring four cubits across, one basin to go on each of the ten stands.

He placed five of the stands on the south side of the temple and five on the north. He placed the Sea on the south side, at the southeast corner of the temple. He also made the basins and shovels and sprinkling bowls. 

So Huram finished all the work he had undertaken for King Solomon in the temple of the LORD: the two pillars; the two bowl-shaped capitals on top of the pillars; the two sets of network decorating the two bowl-shaped capitals on top of the pillars; the four hundred pomegranates for the two sets of network (two rows of pomegranates for each network, decorating the bowl-shaped capitals on top of the pillars); the ten stands with their ten basins; the Sea and the twelve bulls under it; the pots, shovels and sprinkling bowls. All these objects that Huram made for King Solomon for the temple of the LORD were of burnished bronze.

The stands and Sea are part of the artwork within the temple.

I Kings 7:46-50, Unweighed

The king had them cast in clay molds in the plain of the Jordan between Succoth and Zarethan. 

Solomon left all these things unweighed, because there were so many; the weight of the bronze was not determined. 

Solomon also made all the furnishings that were in the LORD's temple: the golden altar; the golden table on which was the bread of the Presence; the lampstands of pure gold (five on the right and five on the left, in front of the inner sanctuary); the gold floral work and lamps and tongs; the pure gold basins, wick trimmers, sprinkling bowls, dishes and censers; and the gold sockets for the doors of the innermost room, the Most Holy Place, and also for the doors of the main hall of the temple.

The temple accessories are excessive and the bronze items are not even weighed to give any value.

I Kings 7:51, Silver and gold in the temple.

When all the work King Solomon had done for the temple of the LORD was finished, he brought in the things his father David had dedicated--the silver and gold and the furnishings--and he placed them in the treasuries of the LORD's temple.

This may be the first mention of a treasury for the temple. The upkeep of such a magnificent structure would have required a significant treasury. David's joy in setting aside treasure for the future temple is described in 1 Chronicles 29. In David's worship in that passage, it is clear that gifts to build, decorate and maintain the temple are merely returning to YHWH a portion of YHWH's many gifts to the nation.

First published November 25, 2023, updated October 1, 2026

I Kings 6, Solomon Builds a Temple

Solomon's kingdom is wealthy and prosperous. It is time to build a temple.

Throughout the Old Testament, whether in a tabernacle in The Wilderness, a tent at Shiloh during the time of Judges, or finally a solid structure now in Jerusalem, the temple was to indicate that YHWH resided physically among His special people, Israel.

I Kings 6:1-6, Time to build a temple

In the four hundred and eightieth year after the Israelites had come out of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the month of Ziv, the second month, he began to build the temple of the LORD.

The temple that King Solomon built for the LORD was sixty cubits long, twenty wide and thirty high. The portico at the front of the main hall of the temple extended the width of the temple, that is twenty cubits, and projected ten cubits from the front of the temple.

He made narrow clerestory windows in the temple. Against the walls of the main hall and inner sanctuary he built a structure around the building, in which there were side rooms. 

The lowest floor was five cubits wide, the middle floor six cubits and the third floor seven. He made offset ledges around the outside of the temple so that nothing would be inserted into the temple walls.

The first verse gives a length of time since the exodus. There are a variety of questions raised by this. In addition to those questions, the Septuagint gives the time as 440 years. Regardless of those issues, there is enough external historical evidence to date the construction of the temple to about 970 BC.

For the measurements in this temple, recall that a cubit was probably about 1 1/2 feet (half a meter.) There were slight deviations in the length of the cubit during these ancient times, varying possibly from less than 17 inches to slightly more than 20 inches.

2 Chronicles 3:1 gives the location of the temple as on Mount Moriah. This is apparently the same place where, centuries before, Abraham had been told to sacrifice Isaac (Genesis 22:2.)

I Kings 6:7-10, Stone architecture, roof, anterooms

In building the temple, only blocks dressed at the quarry were used, and no hammer, chisel or any other iron tool was heard at the temple site while it was being built. 

The entrance to the lowest floor was on the south side of the temple; a stairway led up to the middle level and from there to the third.

So he built the temple and completed it, roofing it with beams and cedar planks.

And he built the side rooms all along the temple. The height of each was five cubits, and they were attached to the temple by beams of cedar.

For images of Solomon's temple, see this Wikipedia site.

The construction is done so that the the blocks were carefully prepared offsite; the sounds of tools were not heard at the temple site.

I Kings 6:11-13, Dynasty promise

The word of the LORD came to Solomon: "As for this temple you are building, if you follow my decrees, carry out my regulations and keep all my commands and obey them, I will fulfill through you the promise I gave to David your father. And I will live among the Israelites and will not abandon my people Israel."

The success of Solomon's dynasty relies on his commitment to YHWH. The promise of blessing for obedience (and curse for disobedience) is amplified in 2 Chronicles 7.

I Kings 6:14-20, Everything cedar...

So Solomon built the temple and completed it. He lined its interior walls with cedar boards, paneling them from the floor of the temple to the ceiling, and covered the floor of the temple with planks of pine.

He partitioned off twenty cubits at the rear of the temple with cedar boards from floor to ceiling to form within the temple an inner sanctuary, the Most Holy Place. The main hall in front of this room was forty cubits long. The inside of the temple was cedar, carved with gourds and open flowers. Everything was cedar; no stone was to be seen.

He prepared the inner sanctuary within the temple to set the ark of the covenant of the LORD there. The inner sanctuary was twenty cubits long, twenty wide and twenty high. He overlaid the inside with pure gold, and he also overlaid the altar of cedar.

Like the tabernacle in the wilderness, there is an emphasis on beauty and elegance.

I Kings 6:21-28, ... and pure gold

Solomon covered the inside of the temple with pure gold, and he extended gold chains across the front of the inner sanctuary, which was overlaid with gold. So he overlaid the whole interior with gold. He also overlaid with gold the altar that belonged to the inner sanctuary.

In the inner sanctuary he made a pair of cherubim of olive wood, each ten cubits high. One wing of the first cherub was five cubits long, and the other wing five cubits--ten cubits from wing tip to wing tip. The second cherub also measured ten cubits, for the two cherubim were identical in size and shape. The height of each cherub was ten cubits.

He placed the cherubim inside the innermost room of the temple, with their wings spread out. The wing of one cherub touched one wall, while the wing of the other touched the other wall, and their wings touched each other in the middle of the room. He overlaid the cherubim with gold.

In the Holy of Holy sat the cherubim, surround by ornate gold decorations. The cherubim are massive, fifteen feet in height, with wings spread out to fifteen feet in width, one wing of one cherub touching the temple wall on one side while a wing of the other cherub touched the opposite wall. A cherub was a massive, scary object, representing divine power, guarding the approach to God.

I Kings 6:29-35, Elegant carvings

On the walls all around the temple, in both the inner and outer rooms, he carved cherubim, palm trees and open flowers. He also covered the floors of both the inner and outer rooms of the temple with gold.

For the entrance of the inner sanctuary he made doors of olive wood with five-sided jambs. And on the two olive wood doors he carved cherubim, palm trees and open flowers, and overlaid the cherubim and palm trees with beaten gold.

In the same way he made four-sided jambs of olive wood for the entrance to the main hall. He also made two pine doors, each having two leaves that turned in sockets. He carved cherubim, palm trees and open flowers on them and overlaid them with gold hammered evenly over the carvings.

We have here more descriptions of the ornate and rich furnishings. And there are more cherubim.

I Kings 6:36-38, Seven years

And he built the inner courtyard of three courses of dressed stone and one course of trimmed cedar beams.

The foundation of the temple of the LORD was laid in the fourth year, in the month of Ziv.

In the eleventh year in the month of Bul, the eighth month, the temple was finished in all its details according to its specifications. He had spent seven years building it.

The description of Solomon's temple, here in 1 Kings 5-8, roughly parallels 2 Chronicles 3-6. The permanent temple is similar in many ways to the original desert tabernacle described in Exodus 35-40.

First published November 18, 2023, updated September 30, 2026

I Kings 5, Hiram, King of Tyre

The power and reputation of Solomon continue to grow.

1 Kings 5:1-6, Hiram of Tyre

When Hiram king of Tyre heard that Solomon had been anointed king to succeed his father David, he sent his envoys to Solomon, because he had always been on friendly terms with David.

Solomon sent back this message to Hiram: "You know that because of the wars waged against my father David from all sides, he could not build a temple for the Name of the LORD his God until the LORD put his enemies under his feet. But now the LORD my God has given me rest on every side, and there is no adversary or disaster.

"I intend, therefore, to build a temple for the Name of the LORD my God, as the LORD told my father David, when he said, `Your son whom I will put on the throne in your place will build the temple for my Name.'

"So give orders that cedars of Lebanon be cut for me. My men will work with yours, and I will pay you for your men whatever wages you set. You know that we have no one so skilled in felling timber as the Sidonians."

Solomon renews his father's alliance with Hiram, king of Tyre. In this renewal, he orders cedars of Lebanon for the upcoming temple. The cedars of Lebanon will be mentioned in Psalm 92:12 and Ezekiel 31:3, where they represent majesty and beauty.

1 Kings 5:7-11, Let me trade with you

When Hiram heard Solomon's message, he was greatly pleased and said, "Praise be to the LORD today, for he has given David a wise son to rule over this great nation."

So Hiram sent word to Solomon: "I have received the message you sent me and will do all you want in providing the cedar and pine logs. My men will haul them down from Lebanon to the sea, and I will float them in rafts by sea to the place you specify. There I will separate them and you can take them away. And you are to grant my wish by providing food for my royal household."

In this way Hiram kept Solomon supplied with all the cedar and pine logs he wanted, and Solomon gave Hiram twenty thousand cors of wheat as food for his household, in addition to twenty thousand baths of pressed olive oil. Solomon continued to do this for Hiram year after year.

King Hiram's gifts, like the wealth of Solomon, is extensive. 2 Chronicles 2:16 will tell us that the logs were floated "as rafts by sea" down to Joppa where they were then hauled overland to Jerusalem. When the temple is rebuilt after the captivity in Babylon, cedar is again brought to Jerusalem in the same manner (Ezra 3:7.)

(NIV footnotes: Twenty thousand cors is about 125,000 bushels or about 4,400 kiloliters. But in verse 11 some manuscripts have, instead of twenty thousand baths", they have "twenty cors",)

1 Kings 5:12-18, Peaceful exchanges with Tyre

The LORD gave Solomon wisdom, just as he had promised him. There were peaceful relations between Hiram and Solomon, and the two of them made a treaty.

King Solomon conscripted laborers from all Israel--thirty thousand men. He sent them off to Lebanon in shifts of ten thousand a month, so that they spent one month in Lebanon and two months at home. Adoniram was in charge of the forced labor.

Solomon had seventy thousand carriers and eighty thousand stonecutters in the hills, as well as thirty-three hundred foremen who supervised the project and directed the workmen. At the king's command they removed from the quarry large blocks of quality stone to provide a foundation of dressed stone for the temple. The craftsmen of Solomon and Hiram and the men of Gebal cut and prepared the timber and stone for the building of the temple.

Solomon's collaboration with Tyre is useful and extensive. Solomon's diplomacy is a result of his unusual wisdom.

The "forced labor" here are workers needed to support the building projects. The men sent from Israel represent a corvée system, in which laborers work part of the year, rotating home for a time and then back to work. Most of the fulltime craftsmen were apparently sent by Hiram. In 2 Chronicles 2:17-18, we see that most of these workers were from Tyre. 

Gebal (modern day Byblos) was a port city on the Mediterranean about 75 miles north of Tyre. (In modern day Lebanon, the city of Beirut lies between Byblos and Tyre.) Below, thanks to Google Maps, are modern maps of the region: Lebanon with coastal cities Byblos, Beirut and Tyre are in the map at the top

 and, at the bottom, is a map of Israel and surrounding environs, with Lebanon in the north.

(NIV footnotes: Ancient manuscripts differ on the number of foremen: some say three hundred, other thirty-six hundred.)

First published November 15, 2023, updated September 29, 2026

I Kings 4, Each Under His Own Fig Tree

Solomon is gaining a reputation for wisdom. The power and wealth of his kingdom is summarized here.

1 Kings 4:1-6, Solomon's administrators

So King Solomon ruled over all Israel. And these were his chief officials: 

        Azariah son of Zadok--the priest; 

        Elihoreph and Ahijah, sons of Shisha--secretaries; 

        Jehoshaphat son of Ahilud--recorder; 

        Benaiah son of Jehoiada--commander in chief; 

        Zadok and Abiathar--priests; 

        Azariah son of Nathan--in charge of the district officers; 

        Zabud son of Nathan--a priest and personal adviser to the king; 

        Ahishar--in charge of the palace; 

        Adoniram son of Abda--in charge of forced labor.

What does it mean to be in charge of "forced labor"? Presumably there were captured slaves who did construction work or poor native Israelites who offered themselves into slavery. The forced labor would have been necessary in the future construction of the temple, described in chapter six.

 

1 Kings 4:7-19, Twelve governors

Solomon also had twelve district governors over all Israel, who supplied provisions for the king and the royal household. Each one had to provide supplies for one month in the year. These are their names:    

        Ben-Hur--in the hill country of Ephraim; 

        Ben-Deker--in Makaz, Shaalbim, Beth Shemesh and Elon Bethhanan;  

        Ben-Hesed--in Arubboth (Socoh and all the land of Hepher were his); 

        Ben-Abinadab--in Naphoth Dor (he was married to Taphath daughter of Solomon); 

        Baana son of Ahilud--in Taanach and Megiddo, and in all of Beth Shan next to Zarethan below Jezreel, from Beth Shan to Abel Meholah across to Jokmeam;  

        Ben-Geber--in Ramoth Gilead (the settlements of Jair son of Manasseh in Gilead were his, as well as the district of Argob in Bashan and its sixty large walled cities with bronze gate bars); 

        Ahinadab son of Iddo--in Mahanaim;  

        Ahimaaz--in Naphtali (he had married Basemath daughter of Solomon); 

        Baana son of Hushai--in Asher and in Aloth; 

        Jehoshaphat son of Paruah--in Issachar;

        Shimei son of Ela--in Benjamin;  

        Geber son of Uri--in Gilead (the country of Sihon king of the Amorites and the country of Og king of Bashan). He was the only governor over the district.

We have a list of twelve governors for Israel, with additional remarks about their region, heritage or family connections. This summary probably gives an account of Solomon's leaders later in his reign; two of the governors (Ben-Abinadab and Ahimaaz) are sons-in-law of Solomon, married to his daughters.

The Hebrew word ben (בֵּן) means "son of" or "descendent of" and we see that word in five of the first six names in this list of governors.

1 Kings 4:20-24, Large kingdom

The people of Judah and Israel were as numerous as the sand on the seashore; they ate, they drank and they were happy. And Solomon ruled over all the kingdoms from the River to the land of the Philistines, as far as the border of Egypt. These countries brought tribute and were Solomon's subjects all his life.

Solomon's daily provisions were thirty cors of fine flour and sixty cors of meal, ten head of stall-fed cattle, twenty of pasture-fed cattle and a hundred sheep and goats, as well as deer, gazelles, roebucks and choice fowl.

For he ruled over all the kingdoms west of the River, from Tiphsah to Gaza, and had peace on all sides.

A glowing report of the kingdom is given here. The report is probably from late in Solomon's reign and  includes some vassal kingdoms that provide tribute.

(NIV footnotes: The River is the Euphrates. It is estimated that 30 cors was abut 185 bushels.)

1 Kings 4:25-28, Each man under his own vine

During Solomon's lifetime Judah and Israel, from Dan to Beersheba, lived in safety, each man under his own vine and fig tree. Solomon had four thousand stalls for chariot horses, and twelve thousand horses. 

The district officers, each in his month, supplied provisions for King Solomon and all who came to the king's table. They saw to it that nothing was lacking. They also brought to the proper place their quotas of barley and straw for the chariot horses and the other horses.

The reign of Solomon is described in glowing terms, emphasizing prosperity and satisfaction. The phrase, "each man under his own vine and fig tree" is to denote the ideal prosperity for a typical citizen of the ancient Near East. 

(NIV footnotes: some manuscripts give forty thousand stalls for chariot horses, instead of four thousand. The interpretation "twelve thousand horses" could instead be "twelve thousand charioteers".)

1 Kings 4:29-33, Growth of wisdom and knowledge

God gave Solomon wisdom and very great insight, and a breadth of understanding as measureless as the sand on the seashore. Solomon's wisdom was greater than the wisdom of all the men of the East, and greater than all the wisdom of Egypt.

He was wiser than any other man, including Ethan the Ezrahite--wiser than Heman, Calcol and Darda, the sons of Mahol. And his fame spread to all the surrounding nations.

He spoke three thousand proverbs and his songs numbered a thousand and five.

He described plant life, from the cedar of Lebanon to the hyssop that grows out of walls. He also taught about animals and birds, reptiles and fish.

Men of all nations came to listen to Solomon's wisdom, sent by all the kings of the world, who had heard of his wisdom.

The wealth and prosperity of Solomon's reign emphasizes the arts, proverbs and songs. It includes emphases on Solomon's wisdom and knowledge, including biology. It is possible that the poetic books of Job, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, and most of Proverbs date from this time. (I might add to that literature list the book of Ruth.)

Solomon is described as wiser than Ethan the Ezrahite and Heman, son of Mahol. Ethan is identified as the author of Psalm 89 and Heman as the author of Psalm 88.

First published November 15, 2023, updated September 28, 2026

Sibling Rivalry

At the beginning of the Bible, Cain kills his brother Abel (Genesis 4:8.) Even the first family had sibling conflict, anger ... and murder! Even the first family was dysfunctional -- I am not sure if that is encouraging to the rest of us, or not....

Sibling rivalry and strife, although not always deadly, persist throughout the Old Testament. Jacob and Esau in Genesis, chapters 25 to 36, are another pair of brothers; their rivalry, with Jacob's cunning and deceit, almost come to blows at various times. Jacob then marries two sisters, Leah and Rachel, whose child-bearing fights propagate through their handmaids, leading to twelve sons through four mothers.

The twelve brothers (really four sets of brothers, with rivalries between half-brothers) escalates as Joseph boasts of his dreams, and reaches a climax in violence, where Joseph is thrown into a well, threatened with death and then sold into slavery. Later, the rivalry between their descendants, within the twelve tribes of Israel, is an undercurrent throughout all of the Old Testament history, bursting out into genuine civil war at numerous times.

Abimelech, in Judges 9:1-6, murders his half-brothers, in an attempt to rule the local region.

Even King David's home is no better. His son, Ammon, rapes Tamar, a daughter of David (and so a half-sister of Ammon.) In retaliation, Tamar's brother, Absalom, murders Ammon (2 Samuel 13) and then, when David refuses for to reconcile with Absalom, Absalom attempts a coup. He is eventually killed by David's general and nephew, Joab. (Playing parts in this civil war are cousins Absalom, Joab and Amasa.) All of the family strife in David's palace probably grows out of David's own deceit, with adultery followed by the murder of Uriah.

David's sons Solomon and Adonijah then fight for David's throne. Solomon eventually has his rival older brother killed. (1 Kings 2:22-25.)

Jehoram, in 2 Chronicles 21:1-4, kills his brothers in order to prevent any attempts on his throne.

Sometimes these siblings worked through their conflict. Esau and Jacob are reconciled (Genesis 33.) Rachel and Leah, despite their conflicts, seem to co-exists as wives of Jacob. (A Christianity Today article, by Dena Dyer, tackles Rachel, Leah and leadership rivalries.)

In other cases, the rivalry ends in murder. Usually the eventual death of the murderer is recorded. Abimelech is killed by a thrown millstone (Judges 9:52-54) and remembered for centuries for his foolishness in allowing a woman to kill him (even though the final blow was from an assistant.) Absalom is killed by Joab. Jehoram experiences a rather gruesome death (2 Chronicles 21:18-19.)

Much of the Old Testament serves as a history of ancient, dramatic events, and so sibling reconciliation seems to occur rarely, as conflict is more likely to influence a change in history. But we do, at least, have examples of sibling love and support. In addition to the eventual reconciliation of Jacob and Esau, we see brothers Moses and Aaron leading Israel out of Egypt. Even Absalom's murder of his half brother Ammon, is an act of support for Absalom's sister, Tamar, punishment for Ammon's rape.

As we continue in our study of the Old Testament, I will look for other examples of both family dysfunction and family health.

First published August 20, 2023, updated September 27, 2026

I Kings 3, A Request for Wisdom

Solomon has now secured the kingdom of Israel.

1 Kings 3:1-4, An alliance and some sacrifices

Solomon made an alliance with Pharaoh king of Egypt and married his daughter. He brought her to the City of David until he finished building his palace and the temple of the LORD, and the wall around Jerusalem. The people, however, were still sacrificing at the high places, because a temple had not yet been built for the Name of the LORD.

Solomon showed his love for the LORD by walking according to the statutes of his father David, except that he offered sacrifices and burned incense on the high places. The king went to Gibeon to offer sacrifices, for that was the most important high place, and Solomon offered a thousand burnt offerings on that altar.
 

There are mixed messages here. Solomon sets up an alliance with Egypt by marrying the king's daughter and continues to offer sacrifices on the high places.  (To whom does he offer sacrifices?)

1 Kings 3:5-9, A dream

At Gibeon the LORD appeared to Solomon during the night in a dream, and God said, "Ask for whatever you want me to give you."

Solomon answered, "You have shown great kindness to your servant, my father David, because he was faithful to you and righteous and upright in heart. You have continued this great kindness to him and have given him a son to sit on his throne this very day.

"Now, O LORD my God, you have made your servant king in place of my father David. But I am only a little child and do not know how to carry out my duties. Your servant is here among the people you have chosen, a great people, too numerous to count or number. So give your servant a discerning heart to govern your people and to distinguish between right and wrong. For who is able to govern this great people of yours?"

At the sacrifice in Gibeon, YHWH appears to Solomon in a dream and offers to grant a request. Solomon asks for a discerning heart and an ability to distinguish right and wrong. Distinguishing right and wrong is a very difficult task at times! It is especially critical if one is to judge the people.

1 Kings 3:10-14, Wisdom granted

The Lord was pleased that Solomon had asked for this. So God said to him, "Since you have asked for this and not for long life or wealth for yourself, nor have asked for the death of your enemies but for discernment in administering justice, I will do what you have asked. I will give you a wise and discerning heart, so that there will never have been anyone like you, nor will there ever be.

"Moreover, I will give you what you have not asked for--both riches and honor--so that in your lifetime you will have no equal among kings. And if you walk in my ways and obey my statutes and commands as David your father did, I will give you a long life."
 

Solomon will receive wisdom -- and in addition, riches and honor. But he is, of course, to keep close to the ways of YHWH.

The reign of Solomon will be a Golden Age of Israel, with a culture of knowledge, art and literature. We will get a summary of this age in the next chapter, in 1 Kings 4:29-34.

1 Kings 3:15, Awake

Then Solomon awoke--and he realized it had been a dream. He returned to Jerusalem, stood before the ark of the Lord's covenant and sacrificed burnt offerings and fellowship offerings. Then he gave a feast for all his court.

God's speech to Solomon is described now as occurring in a dream. 

The ark is now in Jerusalem, not Gibeon. Solomon returns to the ark and makes offerings and gives a feast.

This account then follows with an example of Solomon's wisdom.

1 Kings 3:16-22, Two women, two children

Now two prostitutes came to the king and stood before him.

One of them said, "My lord, this woman and I live in the same house. I had a baby while she was there with me. The third day after my child was born, this woman also had a baby. We were alone; there was no one in the house but the two of us.

During the night this woman's son died because she lay on him. So she got up in the middle of the night and took my son from my side while I your servant was asleep. She put him by her breast and put her dead son by my breast.

The next morning, I got up to nurse my son--and he was dead! But when I looked at him closely in the morning light, I saw that it wasn't the son I had borne."

The other woman said, "No! The living one is my son; the dead one is yours." 

But the first one insisted, "No! The dead one is yours; the living one is mine." And so they argued before the king.

The women are identified as prostitutes; this explains why they are both single, living together, with newborn children. Nothing further is said about their profession. 

The women bring an account that is only "she said"/"she said", with no witnesses. Each woman wants to be the mother of the living child. (Observe, once again, the strong ancient Near East emphasis on motherhood.) But one of the women is the true mother.

1 Kings 3:23-28, An example of wisdom

The king said, "This one says, `My son is alive and your son is dead,' while that one says, `No! Your son is dead and mine is alive.'" 

Then the king said, "Bring me a sword." So they brought a sword for the king.

He then gave an order: "Cut the living child in two and give half to one and half to the other." 

The woman whose son was alive was filled with compassion for her son and said to the king, "Please, my lord, give her the living baby! Don't kill him!" 

But the other said, "Neither I nor you shall have him. Cut him in two!" Then the king gave his ruling: "Give the living baby to the first woman. Do not kill him; she is his mother."

When all Israel heard the verdict the king had given, they held the king in awe, because they saw that he had wisdom from God to administer justice.

One woman is angry and wants to win at all costs. But the true mother reacts out of genuine love, willing to give up her child if only he is allowed to live. This famous response is given here as an example of Solomon's insight.

First published November 15, 2023, updated September 26, 2026